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<text id=90TT2114>
<title>
Aug. 13, 1990: For The Moment, The Shock Is Limited
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Aug. 13, 1990 Iraq On The March
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 22
For the Moment, the Shock Is Limited
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Oil and war do not mix. In 1973, when the Middle East
erupted in the October War, the world was hit with Oil Shock
No. 1. Then in 1979-80, after revolution broke out in Iran and
the country was invaded by Iraq, came Oil Shock No. 2. In both
cases petroleum prices soared, energy shortages developed,
inflation took off, and the world's economies sank into
recession. Last week fears of Oil Shock No. 3 could be felt
from New York City to Tokyo.
</p>
<p> The price of West Texas Intermediate crude, the benchmark
for trends in the U.S. oil market, ended the week at $24.49,
an increase of $3.51 in two days. In Tokyo the Nikkei stock
index plummeted 729.42 yen, closing the week at 29,515.76 yen.
The market drop reflected concern that Japan, which depends on
imported oil for 57.9% of its energy needs, might face tougher
economic times. In Europe, which also relies heavily on Middle
East oil, stock and currency markets gyrated nervously.
</p>
<p> Despite the anxiety in the markets and a surge of price
gouging at the pumps, experts agree that Shock No. 3 is not
imminent--unless there is further military action in the
gulf. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait should not have an
appreciable impact on the world's oil supply. While there was
some temporary disruption of the loading of Kuwaiti tankers
last week, oil continued to flow out of the region. More
important, world supply far exceeds demand.
</p>
<p> Fully loaded supertankers are anchored offshore awaiting
space to unload their cargo. Even if Iraq's daily production
of 3.1 million bbl. or Kuwait's 1.9 million bbl. were cut off,
either by military action or by a U.S.-led embargo, a serious
shortage would take time to develop. Countries like Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela, which are producing below their capacity,
could quickly fill the gap.
</p>
<p> In the event of a true oil emergency, the industrialized
nations are far better prepared than they were in the 1970s.
The U.S. now has 590 million bbl. of crude squirreled away in
salt domes in Texas and Louisiana. That is enough to satisfy
America's gas-guzzling habit for about 34 days. Japan has a
similar reserve that would last 142 days.
</p>
<p> Still, a tightening of the market could cause price
increases, which would send debilitating ripple effects through
the world's economies. According to Laurence H. Meyer &
Associates, an economic forecasting firm in St. Louis, a rise
to $30 in the price of crude would produce a 3% drop in the
American GNP by the first quarter of next year and an increase
in unemployment from the current 5.5% to 7.5%. The threat would
not be so great if the economy were not already teetering on
the edge of recession. Says Barry Bosworth, a senior fellow at
the Brookings Institution: "We could not absorb a big price
shock given the fragility of the economy."
</p>
<p> After the first two oil shocks, the U.S. lowered its
dependence on Middle East oil by reducing consumption and
increasing its own production. That trend was quietly reversed
in the past few years, but no one in Washington seemed to care.
As a result, the U.S. is unnecessarily hostage to instability
halfway around the world.
</p>
<p>By Barry Hillenbrand. Reported by Anne Constable/London and
Richard Hornik/Washington.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>